HTML, CSS, JavaScript and other coding languages tell browsers how to display web content and have decisively influenced how we use digital products. Following the Internet revolution, the purpose and use of print publications also shifted as they are increasingly becoming niched, valuable, collectable items.
One crucial aspect of HTML and CSS is that they are intermediate carriers since the actual consumption of visual web content happens on screens. So, changes in the code or software will impact only a part of the user experience, depending on the device used, its size, resolution, computation and connectivity capabilities. One of the best examples is the ubiquity of smartphones and their influence on how we connect, consume, and communicate.
On the other hand, a print artefact is both hardware and software combined. According to Ludovico (2012, p. 153), “the printed page is more than just a carrier for things to be shown on some display; it is also the display itself. Changing it consequently changes people’s experience, with all the (physical) habits, rituals and cultural conventions involved”.
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